Global Climate Change Student Guide - website optimised for IE4+ 1024x768


ChaptersPrevious Page          Contemporary Climate Change          Next Page Chapter 6
Contents

Introduction

Climate System

Causes of Climate Change

Empirical Study of Climate

Climate Modelling

Palaeoclimatic Change

Contemporary Climate Change

Epilogue
Appendix
References

 

6.9.2.2. Cloud Feedback

Cloud feedback is the term used to encompass effects of changes in cloud and their associated radiative properties on a change of climate, and has been identified as a major source of uncertainty in climate models (Cubasch & Cess, 1990). This feedback mechanism incorporates both changes in cloud distribution (both horizontal and vertical) and changes in cloud radiative properties (cloud optical depth and cloud droplet distribution) (Wigley, 1989; Charlson et al., 1987); these are not mutually independent. Although clouds contribute to the greenhouse warming of the climate system by absorbing more outgoing infrared radiation (positive feedback), they also produce a cooling through the reflection and reduction in absorption of solar radiation (negative feedback) (Cubasch & Cess, 1990). It is generally assumed that low clouds become more reflective as temperatures increase, thereby introducing a negative feedback, whilst the feedback from high clouds depends upon their height and coverage and could be of either sign (Gates et al., 1992).

  Introduction

Greenhouse Effect

Enhanced G-Effect

Greenhouse Gases
 -Carbon Dioxide
  ·Sources
  ·Sinks
  ·Carbon Cycle
  ·Concentrations
  ·Equilibrium
 -Methane
  ·Sources
  ·Sinks
  ·Concentrations
 -Nitrous Oxide
  ·Sources
  ·Sinks
  ·Concentrations
 -Halocarbons
  ·Sources
  ·Sinks
  ·Concentrations
 -Ozone
 -Other Gases
 -Lifetimes
 -Summary

Greenhouse Forcing
 -Forcing Factors
 -GWPs
 -ΔF-ΔC
 -1765 to 1990
 -Ozone

Aerosols
 -Sources & Sinks
 -Forcing
  ·Direct
  ·Indirect
 -Total Forcing

Climate Variations
 -Surface Temp.
 -Precipitation
 -Other
  ·Stratosphere
  ·Cryosphere
  ·Atmos. Circulation
  ·Cloudiness

Detection
 -Modelling
 -Attribution
  ·Latitudes.
  ·Stratosphere
  ·Precipitation
  ·Sea Level
  ·Fingerprints
 -When?

Future Climate
 -GCM Simulations
 -Feedbacks
  ·Water Vapour
  ·Clouds
  ·Ice Albedo
  ·G-house Gases
 -21st Century

Impacts
 -Agriculture
 -Forestry
 -Ecosystems
 -Water Resources
 -Oceans/Coasts
 -Human & Health

Responses
 -Stabilising
 -FCCC
 -Kyoto Protocol
 -UK Programme
  ·Energy Demand
  ·Energy Supply
 -Evaluation

Conclusion